Defined Terms from the Index

To find the term you are interested in, remember that most Web browsers have a "find" command (often ctrl-F).

Sorted Alphabetically abstract solution 376 abstraction 62 achievement (in planning) 349 acoustic model 760 action description 344 action model 510 action monitoring 401 action potential 564 action, sensing 392 action-utility table 485 action-value function 599 activation function 567 activation level 567 active learning 599 actuator 777 adaptive control theory 601 adjunct 671 agent 7 agent, action-value 210 agent, goal-based 201 agent, ideal rational 33 agent, model-based 201 agent, planning 337 agent, problem-solving 55 agent, program 35 agent, rational 31 agent, situated planning 403 agent, software 36 aggregation (in planning) 409 agreement (in a sentence) 668 algorithm 11 alpha-beta pruning 130 ambiguity 658 analysis of algorithms 851 anaphora 679 And-Elimination 172 And-Introduction 172 anytime algorithm 844 aphasia 565 applicable operator 344 apposition 707 approximation hierarchy 380 arc consistency 84 architecture 35 architecture, cognitive 316 article 664 artificial intelligence 3 artificial intelligence, real-time 843 artificial intelligence, strong 29, 818 artificial intelligence, weak 29, 818 assertion (logical) 201 associative memory 571 assumption 326 asymptotic analysis 852 atomic event 425 attention 719 augmentation 669 augmented transition network 686 automatic programming 400 autonomy 35 axiom 198 axiom, domain closure 254 axiom, effect 205 axiom, frame 206 axiom, independent 198 axiom, successor-state 206 axon 564 back-propagation 578 backjumping 309 backtracking 84 backtracking, chronological 309 backtracking, dependency-directed 309 Backus-Naur form 854 backward chaining 272 bandit problem 610 bang-bang control 618 baseline 739 Bayes' rule 426 Bayesian updating 428 behaviorism 13 belief function 462 belief network 436 belief network, dynamic 514 benchmarking 851 best-first search 92 bias 529 bias, declarative 636 bigram model 760 binding list 201 biological naturalism 819 blackboard architecture 770 blind search 73 blocking (in belief networks) 444 body (of a clause) 305 Boltzmann machine 571 boundary set 549 bounded optimality 845 bounded optimality, asymptotic (ABO) 846 brain, in a vat 821 branching factor 74 branching factor, effective 102 breadth-first search 74 bunch 234 candidate definition 544 candidate elimination 549 canonical distribution 443 canonical form 270 cart-pole problem 617 case (of nouns) 668 category 229 causal link 347 causal rules 209 causal support 448 cell decomposition 796 certainty equivalent 478 certainty factor 461 chance node (decision network) 484 chance node (game tree) 133 chart 697 chi-squared pruning 543 choice point 306 circuit verification 226 circumscription 459 class probability 561 classification (in description logic) 323 classification (of examples) 534 closed class 664 clustering 453 coarticulation 762 coercion 409 cognitive architecture 316 cognitive psychology 13 cognitive science 6 coherence relation 717 competitive ratio 808 complement (of a verb) 670 completeness, of a proof procedure 160 completeness, of a search algorithm 73 completeness, theorem 277 completer 698 complexity analysis 852 complexity, sample 554 complexity, space 73 complexity, time 73 compliant motion 784 composition (of substitutions) 273 compositionality 163 compounding 703 computational learning theory 553 conclusion (of an implication) 167 conditional independence 429 conditional link 396 conditional probability table 438 conditional step 396 conditioning (in belief networks) 453 conditioning (in planning) 398 conditioning case 438 configuration space 791 configuration space, generalized 792 confirmation theory 10 confrontation 382 conjunction (natural language) 664 conjunction 166 conjunctive normal form 278 connective, Boolean 165 constant symbol 186 constraint 83 constraint propagation 84 constraint satisfaction problem 83 context (in planning) 395 contingency 392 continuation 307 continuity (of preferences) 474 contour (of a state space) 98 control theory, adaptive 601 convolution 731 correspondence theory 821 count noun 242 crack 746 critic (in learning) 526 critic (in planning) 379 criticality level 380 cross-correlation 735 cross-indexing 302 cross-over 620 cross-validation 543 current-best-hypothesis 546 cutset 455 cutset conditioning 454 cutset conditioning, bounded 455 d-separation 444 data fusion 512 data-driven inference 274 decision analysis 491 decision analyst 491 decision cycle 508 decision list 555 decision maker 491 decision network 484 decision network, dynamic 516 decision node 485 decision theory 12 decision theory 419 decision tree 531 decision tree, pruning 542 decision, one-shot 472 decision, sequential 498 declarativism 153 decomposability (of lotteries) 474 deduction 163 deep structure 686 default value 319 definition (logical) 198 degree of belief 417 degrees of freedom 777 demodulation 284 demotion 353 dendrite 564 depth (of a node) 72 depth of field 727 depth-first search 77 depth-limited search 78 descriptive theory 479 detachment 460 determination 633 determiner 708 deterministic node 443 diachronic 203 diagnostic rules 209 diameter (of a state space) 78 dictionary 704 disambiguation 658 discount factor 507 discounting 507 discourse 715 disjoint sets 231 disjunction 166 disparity 737 distributed encoding 577 domain (in a CSP) 83 domain (in knowledge representation) 197 domain (of a random variable) 420 domain constraint 785 dominance, stochastic 481 dominance, strict 481 domination (of heuristics) 102 Double-Negation Elimination 172 downward solution 376 dropping conditions 548 dualism 9 dynamic programming 503 dynamic programming, adaptive 603 edge (in a chart) 697 edge (in an image) 730 effect 344 effect, conditional 381 effect, disjunctive 383 effect, universally quantified 383 effector 777 egomotion 736 eight-puzzle 63 emergent property 833 empiricism 9 encoded message model 659 end effector 777 entailment 158 entailment constraint 626 environment class 49 environment, accessible 46 environment, continuous 46 environment, deterministic 46 environment, discrete 46 environment, dynamic 46 environment, episodic 46 environment, inaccessible 46 environment, nondeterministic 46 environment, nonepisodic 46 environment, semidynamic 46 environment, static 46 epiphenomenalism 836 epipolar line 740 epistemological commitment 165 epistemological level 153 epoch 576 equality symbol 193 equivalence (logical) 167 error (of a hypothesis) 553 error recovery (in tokenization) 704 error surface 580 estimation phase 509 evaluation function 92 event 235 event calculus 235 event, discrete 237 event, liquid 237 evidence 417 evidential support 448 evolution, machine 21 evolutionary programming 620 example 529 excitatory synapse 564 execution 57 execution monitoring 392 exhaustive decomposition 231 Existential Elimination 266 existential graph 316 Existential Introduction 266 expansion (of states) 70 expected monetary value 476 expected value (in a game tree) 133 expectimax value 133 expectimin value 135 expert system, HPP project 22 explaining away 447 explanation 326 explanation-based learning 627 explicit representation 615 exploration function 612 extension (of a causal link) 405 extension (of a concept) 545 extrinsic property 243 factoring (in resolution) 280 false negative 545 false positive 546 feature (of a state) 104 feature (speech) 758 feature detector 586 filler 710 fitness function 619 fixation 739 floor-planning 91 fluent 241 focus of expansion 736 foliation 793 forward chaining 272 forward checking 84 frame (representation) 23 frame (speech) 758 frame problem 207 frame problem, inferential 207 frame problem, representational 207 frame system 298 frequentism 430 fringe 72 frontier 72 function 185 function symbol 188 functional dependency 633 functional programming 329 functionalism 819 G-set 550 gain ratio 544 game, theory 847 gap 710 gene 619 generalization 546 generalization hierarchy 552 generalized cylinder 752 generation (of states) 70 goal (inferential) 201 goal 42 goal predicate 531 goal, formulation 56 goal, maintenance 400 goal, test 60 graceful degradation 566 gradient descent 111 grammar, attribute 685 grammar, context-free 656 grammar, context-free, probabilistic 683 grammar, context-sensitive 656 grammar, definite clause (DCG) 667 grammar, semantic 687 grammar, transformational 686 ground resolution theorem 289 ground term 190 grounding 821 halting problem 824 hand-eye machine 810 head (of a clause) 305 Herbrand base 287 Herbrand universe 286 Herbrand's theorem 287 heuristic repair 114 heuristic, admissible 97 heuristic, function 93 heuristic, least-constraining-value 105 heuristic, Manhattan 102 heuristic, min-conflicts 114 heuristic, most-constrained-variable 105 heuristic, most-constraining-variable 105 hidden Markov model 762 hidden unit 571 hill-climbing 111 hill-climbing, random-restart 112 homophone 757 homunculus 819 Hopfield network 571 horizon problem 129 Horn sentence 174, 270 hypothesis 529 hypothesis, null 542 hypothesis, space 544 ideal mapping 34 ideal rational agent 33 identification in the limit 557 identity relation 194 ignorance, practical 417 ignorance, theoretical 416 image 725 implementation level 153 implication 167 implicative normal form 278 implicit representation 615 incorporation 658 incremental learning 529 indeterminacy, bounded 401 indeterminacy, unbounded 402 index function 755 indexical 679 indexing, combined 301 indexing, tree-based 301 individuation 242 induction 9 induction, constructive 638 inductive inference, pure 529 inference 152 inference rule 171 inference, causal 447 inference, diagnostic 447 inference, intercausal 447 inference, logical 163 inference, mixed 447 infinite regress 819 information (theory) 540 information gain 541 information value theory 487 informed search 73 inheritance 230 inheritance, multiple 320 inhibitory synapse 564 initial state 60 initializer 698 input function (of a neuron) 567 input generalization 615 input resolution 285 input unit 571 insurance premium 478 integrability 745 intention (discourse) 657 intentional stance 820 intentional state 820 interleaving 59 intermediate form 676 internal model 203 internal state 42 interpretation 161 interpretation, pragmatic 658 interpretation, semantic 658 interval 235 intractability 11 intrinsic property 243 invariant, geometric 754 inverted pendulum 617 iterative improvement 111 joint (of a robot) 777 joint probability distribution 425 Kalman filtering 510 kinematics 781 knowledge base 151 knowledge effect 247 knowledge engineering 217 knowledge level 153 knowledge precondition 247 knowledge representation 5, 157 knowledge representation, language 152 knowledge, acquisition 217 knowledge, background 152 Kolmogorov complexity 559 Lambertian surface 729 landmark 805 language 651 language, analysis 658 language, formal 654 language, model 760 language, natural 654 language, perception 657 language, situated 659 laser range finder 785 laziness 416 leak node 443 learning, active 599 learning, Bayesian 588 learning, curve 538 learning, element 525 learning, incremental 529 learning, inductive, knowledge-based 628 learning, passive 599 learning, rate 576 learning, speedup 527 least commitment 346 left-corner parser 699 lens 727 lexicon 664 lifting lemma 289 likelihood weighting 456 likelihood, relative 427 limb (in a scene) 745 limited rationality 8 line labelling 745 linear resolution 285 linear separability 574 linearization 346 link (in a neural network) 567 link (of a robot) 777 linking curve 800 Lisp 18 literal (sentence) 167 local encoding 577 locality 174, 460 locally finite graph 100 locally structured system 441 locking 312 locomotion 777 logic 7, 151 logic programming, constraint 308 logic programming, inductive (ILP) 628 logic programming, language 297 logic sampling 455 logic, default 459 logic, description 298 logic, first-order 185 logic, fuzzy 166 logic, higher-order 195 logic, inductive 432 logic, modal 260 logic, nonmonotonic 459 logic, propositional 165 logic, temporal 165, 258 logic, terminological 298 logical level 153 logical omniscience 246 logical positivism 10 logicism 7 long-distance dependency 710 lottery 473 lottery, standard 478 machine evolution 21 machine learning 5 macro-operator 787 macrop 389 majority function 533 manipulation 725, 777 manipulator 780 map-coloring problem 91 mapping 34 mapping, ideal 34 Markov chain 514 Markov decision problem 500 Markov decision problem, partially observable 500 Markov model 762 Markov property 500 mass noun 242 material value 127 materialism 9, 819 materialism, eliminative 840 maximum a posteriori 588 maximum expected utility 472 maximum likelihood 589 means-ends analysis 10 measure 231 measure fluent 386 meganode 453 memoization 629 metamer 730 metaphor 715 metareasoning 140, 309 metareasoning, decision-theoretic 844 metonymy 714 micromort 480 microworld 19 minimax decision 124 minimization (logical) 236 minimum description length 560 missing attribute values 543 mobot 775 model, (in logic) 170 model, trees 616 model-based reasoning 209 modification operator 346 Modus Ponens 172 Modus Ponens, Generalized 269 monotonicity (of a heuristic) 97 monotonicity (of a logic) 173, 459 monotonicity (of preferences) 474 morphology, analysis 703 morphology, derivational 703 morphology, inflectional 703 multiattribute utility theory 480 multiply connected network 453 mutation 620 mutual preferential independence 483 mutually utility-independent 484 myopic policy 490 n-armed 611 narrow content 821 natural kind 232 navigation 725 negation 167 negation as failure 304 NERF 572 neural network 563 neural network, feed-forward 570 neural network, multilayer 571 neural network, recurrent 570 neuron 564 node, search 71 noise 535 noisy-OR 443 nondeterministic algorithm 855 nonmonotonicity 321, 459 nonterminal symbol 655 normalization 428 normative theory 479 noun phrase 655 NP-completeness 12, 853 object 185 object recognition 725 object, composite 234 objectivism 430 Ockham algorithm 560 Ockham's razor 534 octant 747 odometry 783 omniscience 32 online algorithm 806 ontological commitment 165 ontological engineering 217 ontology 222 opacity 244 open class 664 open-coding 306 operationality 632 operator 60 operator schema 344 operator, abstract 372 operator, primitive 372 optical flow 735 optimality (of a search algorithm) 73 optimally efficient algorithm 99 Or-Introduction 172 oracle 856 orderability 474 output unit 571 overfitting 542 overgeneration 668 packed forest 697 parallel search 117 parallelism, AND- 308 parallelism, OR- 308 paramodulation 284 parent node 72 parity function 533 parse forest 664 parse tree 658 parsing 658 partition 231 passive learning 599 path 60 path cost 60 pathmax 98 payoff function 124 percept sequence 33 perceptron 571 perceptron, learning rule 576 performance element 525 performance measure 32 perspective projection 726 phenomenology 828 phone (speech) 757 phrase structure 655 physicalism 819 pinhole camera 725 pixel 727 place 236 plan 347 plan recognition 654 plan, complete 349 plan, consistent 349 plan, fully instantiated 346 plan, linear 363 plan, noninterleaved 363 plan, nonlinear 363 plan, parameterized 398 plan, partial 345 planning 342 planning 42 planning, assembly 792 planning, conditional 392 planning, deferred 393 planning, fine-motion 802 planning, partial-order 346 planning, progression 345 planning, reactive 411 planning, regression 345 planning, situation space 345 planning, total order 346 plasticity 564 ply 124 policy 500 policy iteration 505 policy loss 505 polytree 448 pose 734 positivism, logical 10 possibility theory 466 possible threat 357 possible world 260 precondition 344 precondition, disjunctive 383 precondition, universally quantified 383 predecessor 80 predicate symbol 187 prediction phase 509 predictor 698 preference 418 preference independence 483 preference, lexicographic 496 preference, monotonic 476 premise 167 preposition 664 prior knowledge 625 prioritized sweeping 607 prismatic motion 781 Prisoner's Dilemma 847 probabilistic network, adaptive 590 probability, conditional 421 probability, distribution 421 probability, prior 420 probability, theory 417 probably approximately correct 553 problem 60 problem formulation 56 problem generator 526 problem, contingency 59 problem, exploration 59 problem, map-coloring 91 problem, multiple-state 58 problem, real-world 63 problem, relaxed 103 problem, toy 63 procedural attachment 323 process 237 product rule 421 production system 297 projection, probabilistic 514 Prolog 304 promotion 353 proof 160 proof, checker 312 proof, theory 160 property 185 propositional attitude 244 protected link 353 pruning 130 psychological reasoning 261 Q-learning 599 QALY 480 qualia 821 qualification problem 207 qualitative physics 260 qualitative probabilistic network 465 quantified term 676 quantifier 189 quantization factor 758 quasi-logical form 676 query (logical) 201 queue 72 quiescence 129 ramification problem 207 random variable 420 rationality 4 rationality, calculative 845 rationality, limited 8 rationality, perfect 845 recognizable set 795 reduction 12 redundant step 405 reference class 430 referential transparency 244 refinement operator 345 reflectance map 745 refutation 280 refutation completeness 286 regression, nonlinear 572 regret 479 reification 230 reinforcement 528 reinforcement learning 528 relation 185 relevance 628 relevance-based learning 628 renaming 273 repeatability 783 replanning 392 representation theorem 480 resolution 172 resolution closure 287 resolution, algorithm 277 resolution, generalized 278 resolution, input 285 resolution, inverse 639 resolution, linear 285 resolvent 279 rete 314 reward 598 reward function 503 reward-to-go 601 rewrite rule 655 risk aversion 478 risk neutrality 478 risk seeking 478 roadmap 800 robot 773 robot, autonomous 773 robot, holonomic 778 robot, nonholonomic 778 robotics 6 robotics, behavior-based 789 rollup (of a DBN) 515 root mean square error 505 rotary motion 781 rule schema 671 rule, condition-action 40 runtime variable 400 S-set 550 sampling rate 758 satisfiability 164 saturation 287 scaled orthographic projection 726 scanner (in chart parsing) 698 scene 725 schema 234 script 234 search 42, 56 search cost 61 search strategy 70 search tree 71 search, backtracking 84 search, blind 73 search, greedy 93 search, heuristic 73 search, informed 73 search, iterative deepening 79 search, quiescence 129 search, uninformed 73 segment (of discourse) 717 segmentation (of an image) 734 segmentation (of speech) 757 semantic network 298 semantic network, partitioned 323 semantics 157 semantics, causal 821 semantics, compositional 672 semidecidability 277 sensitivity analysis 447 sensor 724 sensor fusion 512 sensor model 510 sensor model, stationary 510 sensor, abstract 795 sensor, cross-beam 785 sensor, force 784 sensor, parallel-beam 785 sensor, structured light 785 sensor, tactile 784 sentence, atomic 167 sentence, complex 167 sentence, in a KB 151 sentence, in a language 655 set of support 285 shape 734 silhouette curve 800 silhouette method 800 similarity network 457 simulated annealing 111 singly connected network 447 situated automaton 788 situation calculus 204 skeleton 798 skeletonization 798 Skolem function 282 skolemization 281 slant 734 sliding-block puzzle 63 SMA* 107 smoothing 730 Socratic reasoning 312 softbot 36 software agent 36 solution 56, 60 solution, in planning 349 soma 564 sound (inference) 159 sparse system 441 spatial reasoning 260 specialization 546 specificity preference 459 speech act 652 speech act, indirect 652 speech recognition 757 speedup learning 527 stability, dynamic 778 stability, static 778 standardizing apart 271 start symbol 854 state (process) 237 state evolution model 514 state set space 60 state space 60 state variable 508 stationarity (for rewards) 507 stationarity (in PAC learning) 553 stochastic simulation 453 straight-line distance 93 strategy (in a game) 124 string (in a language) 655 string (in logic) 245 strong AI 29 structure (composite object) 234 stuff 242 subcategorization 670 subcategorization, list 670 subevent 235 subject-aux inversion 711 subjectivism 430 substance, spatial 242 substance, temporal 242 substitutability (of lotteries) 474 substitution 201 subsumption (in description logic) 323 subsumption (in resolution) 286 successor function 60 sum of squared differences 735 supervised learning 528 surface structure 686 Sussman anomaly 365 syllogism 6, 291 synapse 564 synchronic 209 syntactic sugar 200 syntactic theory (of knowledge) 245 syntax, logical 157 synthesis 313 synthesis, deductive 313 system gain 507 tabu search 117 taxonomy 230 telepathic communication 660 temporal-difference equation 604 term (in logic) 186 terminal state 598 terminal symbol 655 terminal test 124 test set 538 texel 743 text 715 text interpretation 694 texture 742 texture gradient 743 theorem 198 theorem prover 297 threat 353 tilt 734 time slice 515 tokenization 703 total cost 61 trail 306 training, curve 580 training, sequence 600 training, set 534 transfer path 793 transit path 793 transition model 499 transitivity (of preferences) 474 travelling salesperson problem 69 tree model 132 triangle table 401 trigram 761 trihedral solid 746 truth maintenance 326 truth maintenance system 326 truth maintenance system, assumption-based 327 truth maintenance system, justification-based 326 truth table 168 truth-functionality 460 truth-preserving (inference) 159 tuple 187 Turing Test 5 Turing Test, total 6 type predicate 308 uncertainty 415 understanding problem 654 unification 270 unifier 270 unifier, most general (MGU) 271 uniform convergence theory 560 uniform cost search 75 uninformed search 73 unique main subaction 378 unit (of a neural network) 567 unit clause 285 Unit Resolution 172 units function 231 Universal Elimination 266 unsatisfiability 164 unsupervised learning 528 upward solution 376 utilitarianism, act 847 utilitarianism, rule 847 utility 44 utility function, additive 502 utility function, multiplicative 484 utility function, separable 502 utility, expected 472 utility, independence 484 utility, node 485 utility, normalized 478 utility, ordinal 476 utility, theory 418 vagueness 681 validity 163 value determination 505 value function 476 value function, additive 483 value iteration 502 value of perfect information 488 vanishing point 726 variable (in a CSP) 83 variable (logical) 190 vector quantization 759 vector-space model 695 verb phrase 655 verification 313 version space 549 vertex (of a chart) 697 visibility graph 799 vision 6 Viterbi algorithm 765 Voronoi diagram 800 weak AI 29 weak method 22 weight (in a neural network) 567 well-formed formula 193 wide content 821 wumpus world 153

Sorted by Page 3 artificial intelligence 4 rationality 5, 157 knowledge representation 5 machine learning 5 Turing Test 6, 291 syllogism 6 cognitive science 6 robotics 6 Turing Test, total 6 vision 7, 151 logic 7 agent 7 logicism 8 limited rationality 8 rationality, limited 9, 819 materialism 9 dualism 9 empiricism 9 induction 10 confirmation theory 10 logical positivism 10 means-ends analysis 10 positivism, logical 11 algorithm 11 intractability 12, 853 NP-completeness 12 decision theory 12 reduction 13 behaviorism 13 cognitive psychology 18 Lisp 19 microworld 21 evolution, machine 21 machine evolution 22 expert system, HPP project 22 weak method 23 frame (representation) 29, 818 artificial intelligence, strong 29, 818 artificial intelligence, weak 29 strong AI 29 weak AI 31 agent, rational 32 omniscience 32 performance measure 33 agent, ideal rational 33 ideal rational agent 33 percept sequence 34 ideal mapping 34 mapping 34 mapping, ideal 35 agent, program 35 architecture 35 autonomy 36 agent, software 36 softbot 36 software agent 40 rule, condition-action 42, 56 search 42 goal 42 internal state 42 planning 44 utility 46 environment, accessible 46 environment, continuous 46 environment, deterministic 46 environment, discrete 46 environment, dynamic 46 environment, episodic 46 environment, inaccessible 46 environment, nondeterministic 46 environment, nonepisodic 46 environment, semidynamic 46 environment, static 49 environment class 55 agent, problem-solving 56, 60 solution 56 goal, formulation 56 problem formulation 57 execution 58 problem, multiple-state 59 interleaving 59 problem, contingency 59 problem, exploration 60 goal, test 60 initial state 60 operator 60 path 60 path cost 60 problem 60 state set space 60 state space 60 successor function 61 search cost 61 total cost 62 abstraction 63 eight-puzzle 63 problem, real-world 63 problem, toy 63 sliding-block puzzle 69 travelling salesperson problem 70 expansion (of states) 70 generation (of states) 70 search strategy 71 node, search 71 search tree 72 depth (of a node) 72 fringe 72 frontier 72 parent node 72 queue 73 blind search 73 completeness, of a search algorithm 73 complexity, space 73 complexity, time 73 informed search 73 optimality (of a search algorithm) 73 search, blind 73 search, heuristic 73 search, informed 73 search, uninformed 73 uninformed search 74 branching factor 74 breadth-first search 75 uniform cost search 77 depth-first search 78 depth-limited search 78 diameter (of a state space) 79 search, iterative deepening 80 predecessor 83 constraint 83 constraint satisfaction problem 83 domain (in a CSP) 83 variable (in a CSP) 84 arc consistency 84 backtracking 84 constraint propagation 84 forward checking 84 search, backtracking 91 floor-planning 91 map-coloring problem 91 problem, map-coloring 92 best-first search 92 evaluation function 93 heuristic, function 93 search, greedy 93 straight-line distance 97 heuristic, admissible 97 monotonicity (of a heuristic) 98 contour (of a state space) 98 pathmax 99 optimally efficient algorithm 100 locally finite graph 102 branching factor, effective 102 domination (of heuristics) 102 heuristic, Manhattan 103 problem, relaxed 104 feature (of a state) 105 heuristic, least-constraining-value 105 heuristic, most-constrained-variable 105 heuristic, most-constraining-variable 107 SMA* 111 gradient descent 111 hill-climbing 111 iterative improvement 111 simulated annealing 112 hill-climbing, random-restart 114 heuristic, min-conflicts 114 heuristic repair 117 parallel search 117 tabu search 124 minimax decision 124 payoff function 124 ply 124 strategy (in a game) 124 terminal test 127 material value 129 horizon problem 129 quiescence 129 search, quiescence 130 alpha-beta pruning 130 pruning 132 tree model 133 chance node (game tree) 133 expected value (in a game tree) 133 expectimax value 135 expectimin value 140, 309 metareasoning 151 knowledge base 151 sentence, in a KB 152 inference 152 knowledge, background 152 knowledge representation, language 153 declarativism 153 epistemological level 153 implementation level 153 knowledge level 153 logical level 153 wumpus world 157 semantics 157 syntax, logical 158 entailment 159 sound (inference) 159 truth-preserving (inference) 160 completeness, of a proof procedure 160 proof 160 proof, theory 161 interpretation 163 compositionality 163 deduction 163 inference, logical 163 validity 164 satisfiability 164 unsatisfiability 165, 258 logic, temporal 165 connective, Boolean 165 epistemological commitment 165 logic, propositional 165 ontological commitment 166 conjunction 166 disjunction 166 logic, fuzzy 167 conclusion (of an implication) 167 equivalence (logical) 167 implication 167 literal (sentence) 167 negation 167 premise 167 sentence, atomic 167 sentence, complex 168 truth table 170 model, (in logic) 171 inference rule 172 And-Elimination 172 And-Introduction 172 Double-Negation Elimination 172 Modus Ponens 172 Or-Introduction 172 resolution 172 Unit Resolution 173, 459 monotonicity (of a logic) 174, 270 Horn sentence 174, 460 locality 185 function 185 logic, first-order 185 object 185 property 185 relation 186 constant symbol 186 term (in logic) 187 predicate symbol 187 tuple 188 function symbol 189 quantifier 190 ground term 190 variable (logical) 193 equality symbol 193 well-formed formula 194 identity relation 195 logic, higher-order 197 domain (in knowledge representation) 198 axiom 198 axiom, independent 198 definition (logical) 198 theorem 200 syntactic sugar 201 agent, goal-based 201 agent, model-based 201 assertion (logical) 201 binding list 201 goal (inferential) 201 query (logical) 201 substitution 203 diachronic 203 internal model 204 situation calculus 205 axiom, effect 206 axiom, frame 206 axiom, successor-state 207 frame problem 207 frame problem, inferential 207 frame problem, representational 207 qualification problem 207 ramification problem 209 causal rules 209 diagnostic rules 209 model-based reasoning 209 synchronic 210 agent, action-value 217 knowledge, acquisition 217 knowledge engineering 217 ontological engineering 222 ontology 226 circuit verification 229 category 230 inheritance 230 reification 230 taxonomy 231 disjoint sets 231 exhaustive decomposition 231 measure 231 partition 231 units function 232 natural kind 234 bunch 234 object, composite 234 schema 234 script 234 structure (composite object) 235 event 235 event calculus 235 interval 235 subevent 236 minimization (logical) 236 place 237 event, discrete 237 event, liquid 237 process 237 state (process) 241 fluent 242 count noun 242 individuation 242 mass noun 242 stuff 242 substance, spatial 242 substance, temporal 243 extrinsic property 243 intrinsic property 244 opacity 244 propositional attitude 244 referential transparency 245 string (in logic) 245 syntactic theory (of knowledge) 246 logical omniscience 247 knowledge effect 247 knowledge precondition 254 axiom, domain closure 260 logic, modal 260 possible world 260 qualitative physics 260 spatial reasoning 261 psychological reasoning 266 Existential Elimination 266 Existential Introduction 266 Universal Elimination 269 Modus Ponens, Generalized 270 canonical form 270 unification 270 unifier 271 standardizing apart 271 unifier, most general (MGU) 272 backward chaining 272 forward chaining 273 composition (of substitutions) 273 renaming 274 data-driven inference 277 completeness, theorem 277 resolution, algorithm 277 semidecidability 278 conjunctive normal form 278 implicative normal form 278 resolution, generalized 279 resolvent 280 factoring (in resolution) 280 refutation 281 skolemization 282 Skolem function 284 demodulation 284 paramodulation 285 input resolution 285 linear resolution 285 resolution, input 285 resolution, linear 285 set of support 285 unit clause 286 Herbrand universe 286 refutation completeness 286 subsumption (in resolution) 287 Herbrand base 287 Herbrand's theorem 287 resolution closure 287 saturation 289 ground resolution theorem 289 lifting lemma 297 logic programming, language 297 production system 297 theorem prover 298 frame system 298 logic, description 298 logic, terminological 298 semantic network 301 indexing, combined 301 indexing, tree-based 302 cross-indexing 304 negation as failure 304 Prolog 305 body (of a clause) 305 head (of a clause) 306 choice point 306 open-coding 306 trail 307 continuation 308 logic programming, constraint 308 parallelism, AND- 308 parallelism, OR- 308 type predicate 309 backjumping 309 backtracking, chronological 309 backtracking, dependency-directed 312 locking 312 proof, checker 312 Socratic reasoning 313 synthesis 313 synthesis, deductive 313 verification 314 rete 316 architecture, cognitive 316 cognitive architecture 316 existential graph 319 default value 320 inheritance, multiple 321, 459 nonmonotonicity 323 classification (in description logic) 323 procedural attachment 323 semantic network, partitioned 323 subsumption (in description logic) 326 assumption 326 explanation 326 truth maintenance 326 truth maintenance system 326 truth maintenance system, justification-based 327 truth maintenance system, assumption-based 329 functional programming 337 agent, planning 342 planning 344 action description 344 applicable operator 344 effect 344 operator schema 344 precondition 345 planning, progression 345 planning, regression 345 planning, situation space 345 plan, partial 345 refinement operator 346 least commitment 346 linearization 346 modification operator 346 plan, fully instantiated 346 planning, partial-order 346 planning, total order 347 causal link 347 plan 349 achievement (in planning) 349 plan, complete 349 plan, consistent 349 solution, in planning 353 demotion 353 promotion 353 protected link 353 threat 357 possible threat 363 plan, linear 363 plan, noninterleaved 363 plan, nonlinear 365 Sussman anomaly 372 operator, abstract 372 operator, primitive 376 abstract solution 376 downward solution 376 upward solution 378 unique main subaction 379 critic (in planning) 380 approximation hierarchy 380 criticality level 381 effect, conditional 382 confrontation 383 effect, disjunctive 383 effect, universally quantified 383 precondition, disjunctive 383 precondition, universally quantified 386 measure fluent 389 macrop 392 action, sensing 392 contingency 392 execution monitoring 392 planning, conditional 392 replanning 393 planning, deferred 395 context (in planning) 396 conditional link 396 conditional step 398 conditioning (in planning) 398 plan, parameterized 400 automatic programming 400 goal, maintenance 400 runtime variable 401 action monitoring 401 indeterminacy, bounded 401 triangle table 402 indeterminacy, unbounded 403 agent, situated planning 405 extension (of a causal link) 405 redundant step 409 aggregation (in planning) 409 coercion 411 planning, reactive 415 uncertainty 416 ignorance, theoretical 416 laziness 417 degree of belief 417 evidence 417 ignorance, practical 417 probability, theory 418 preference 418 utility, theory 419 decision theory 420 domain (of a random variable) 420 probability, prior 420 random variable 421 probability, conditional 421 probability, distribution 421 product rule 425 atomic event 425 joint probability distribution 426 Bayes' rule 427 likelihood, relative 428 Bayesian updating 428 normalization 429 conditional independence 430 frequentism 430 objectivism 430 reference class 430 subjectivism 432 logic, inductive 436 belief network 438 conditional probability table 438 conditioning case 441 locally structured system 441 sparse system 443 canonical distribution 443 deterministic node 443 leak node 443 noisy-OR 444 blocking (in belief networks) 444 d-separation 447 explaining away 447 inference, causal 447 inference, diagnostic 447 inference, intercausal 447 inference, mixed 447 sensitivity analysis 447 singly connected network 448 causal support 448 evidential support 448 polytree 453 clustering 453 conditioning (in belief networks) 453 meganode 453 multiply connected network 453 stochastic simulation 454 cutset conditioning 455 cutset 455 cutset conditioning, bounded 455 logic sampling 456 likelihood weighting 457 similarity network 459 circumscription 459 logic, default 459 logic, nonmonotonic 459 specificity preference 460 detachment 460 truth-functionality 461 certainty factor 462 belief function 465 qualitative probabilistic network 466 possibility theory 472 decision, one-shot 472 maximum expected utility 472 utility, expected 473 lottery 474 continuity (of preferences) 474 decomposability (of lotteries) 474 monotonicity (of preferences) 474 orderability 474 substitutability (of lotteries) 474 transitivity (of preferences) 476 expected monetary value 476 preference, monotonic 476 utility, ordinal 476 value function 478 certainty equivalent 478 insurance premium 478 lottery, standard 478 risk aversion 478 risk neutrality 478 risk seeking 478 utility, normalized 479 descriptive theory 479 normative theory 479 regret 480 micromort 480 multiattribute utility theory 480 QALY 480 representation theorem 481 dominance, stochastic 481 dominance, strict 483 mutual preferential independence 483 preference independence 483 value function, additive 484 chance node (decision network) 484 decision network 484 mutually utility-independent 484 utility function, multiplicative 484 utility, independence 485 action-utility table 485 decision node 485 utility, node 487 information value theory 488 value of perfect information 490 myopic policy 491 decision analysis 491 decision analyst 491 decision maker 496 preference, lexicographic 498 decision, sequential 499 transition model 500 Markov decision problem 500 Markov decision problem, partially observable 500 Markov property 500 policy 502 utility function, additive 502 utility function, separable 502 value iteration 503 dynamic programming 503 reward function 505 policy iteration 505 policy loss 505 root mean square error 505 value determination 507 discount factor 507 discounting 507 stationarity (for rewards) 507 system gain 508 decision cycle 508 state variable 509 estimation phase 509 prediction phase 510 action model 510 Kalman filtering 510 sensor model 510 sensor model, stationary 512 data fusion 512 sensor fusion 514 belief network, dynamic 514 Markov chain 514 projection, probabilistic 514 state evolution model 515 rollup (of a DBN) 515 time slice 516 decision network, dynamic 525 learning, element 525 performance element 526 critic (in learning) 526 problem generator 527 learning, speedup 527 speedup learning 528 reinforcement 528 reinforcement learning 528 supervised learning 528 unsupervised learning 529 bias 529 example 529 hypothesis 529 incremental learning 529 inductive inference, pure 529 learning, incremental 531 decision tree 531 goal predicate 533 majority function 533 parity function 534 classification (of examples) 534 Ockham's razor 534 training, set 535 noise 538 learning, curve 538 test set 540 information (theory) 541 information gain 542 decision tree, pruning 542 hypothesis, null 542 overfitting 543 chi-squared pruning 543 cross-validation 543 missing attribute values 544 candidate definition 544 gain ratio 544 hypothesis, space 545 extension (of a concept) 545 false negative 546 current-best-hypothesis 546 false positive 546 generalization 546 specialization 548 dropping conditions 549 boundary set 549 candidate elimination 549 version space 550 G-set 550 S-set 552 generalization hierarchy 553 computational learning theory 553 error (of a hypothesis) 553 probably approximately correct 553 stationarity (in PAC learning) 554 complexity, sample 555 decision list 557 identification in the limit 559 Kolmogorov complexity 560 minimum description length 560 Ockham algorithm 560 uniform convergence theory 561 class probability 563 neural network 564 action potential 564 axon 564 dendrite 564 excitatory synapse 564 inhibitory synapse 564 neuron 564 plasticity 564 soma 564 synapse 565 aphasia 566 graceful degradation 567 activation function 567 activation level 567 input function (of a neuron) 567 link (in a neural network) 567 unit (of a neural network) 567 weight (in a neural network) 570 neural network, feed-forward 570 neural network, recurrent 571 associative memory 571 Boltzmann machine 571 hidden unit 571 Hopfield network 571 input unit 571 neural network, multilayer 571 output unit 571 perceptron 572 NERF 572 regression, nonlinear 574 linear separability 576 epoch 576 learning, rate 576 perceptron, learning rule 577 distributed encoding 577 local encoding 578 back-propagation 580 error surface 580 training, curve 586 feature detector 588 learning, Bayesian 588 maximum a posteriori 589 maximum likelihood 590 probabilistic network, adaptive 598 reward 598 terminal state 599 action-value function 599 active learning 599 learning, active 599 learning, passive 599 passive learning 599 Q-learning 600 training, sequence 601 adaptive control theory 601 control theory, adaptive 601 reward-to-go 603 dynamic programming, adaptive 604 temporal-difference equation 607 prioritized sweeping 610 bandit problem 611 n-armed 612 exploration function 615 explicit representation 615 implicit representation 615 input generalization 616 model, trees 617 cart-pole problem 617 inverted pendulum 618 bang-bang control 619 fitness function 619 gene 620 cross-over 620 evolutionary programming 620 mutation 625 prior knowledge 626 entailment constraint 627 explanation-based learning 628 learning, inductive, knowledge-based 628 logic programming, inductive (ILP) 628 relevance 628 relevance-based learning 629 memoization 632 operationality 633 determination 633 functional dependency 636 bias, declarative 638 induction, constructive 639 resolution, inverse 651 language 652 speech act 652 speech act, indirect 654 language, formal 654 language, natural 654 plan recognition 654 understanding problem 655 nonterminal symbol 655 noun phrase 655 phrase structure 655 rewrite rule 655 sentence, in a language 655 string (in a language) 655 terminal symbol 655 verb phrase 656 grammar, context-free 656 grammar, context-sensitive 657 intention (discourse) 657 language, perception 658 ambiguity 658 disambiguation 658 incorporation 658 interpretation, pragmatic 658 interpretation, semantic 658 language, analysis 658 parse tree 658 parsing 659 encoded message model 659 language, situated 660 telepathic communication 664 article 664 closed class 664 conjunction (natural language) 664 lexicon 664 open class 664 parse forest 664 preposition 667 grammar, definite clause (DCG) 668 agreement (in a sentence) 668 case (of nouns) 668 overgeneration 669 augmentation 670 complement (of a verb) 670 subcategorization 670 subcategorization, list 671 adjunct 671 rule schema 672 semantics, compositional 676 intermediate form 676 quantified term 676 quasi-logical form 679 anaphora 679 indexical 681 vagueness 683 grammar, context-free, probabilistic 685 grammar, attribute 686 augmented transition network 686 deep structure 686 grammar, transformational 686 surface structure 687 grammar, semantic 694 text interpretation 695 vector-space model 697 chart 697 edge (in a chart) 697 packed forest 697 vertex (of a chart) 698 completer 698 initializer 698 predictor 698 scanner (in chart parsing) 699 left-corner parser 703 compounding 703 morphology, analysis 703 morphology, derivational 703 morphology, inflectional 703 tokenization 704 dictionary 704 error recovery (in tokenization) 707 apposition 708 determiner 710 filler 710 gap 710 long-distance dependency 711 subject-aux inversion 714 metonymy 715 discourse 715 metaphor 715 text 717 coherence relation 717 segment (of discourse) 719 attention 724 sensor 725, 777 manipulation 725 image 725 navigation 725 object recognition 725 pinhole camera 725 scene 726 perspective projection 726 scaled orthographic projection 726 vanishing point 727 depth of field 727 lens 727 pixel 729 Lambertian surface 730 edge (in an image) 730 metamer 730 smoothing 731 convolution 734 pose 734 segmentation (of an image) 734 shape 734 slant 734 tilt 735 cross-correlation 735 optical flow 735 sum of squared differences 736 egomotion 736 focus of expansion 737 disparity 739 baseline 739 fixation 740 epipolar line 742 texture 743 texel 743 texture gradient 745 integrability 745 limb (in a scene) 745 line labelling 745 reflectance map 746 crack 746 trihedral solid 747 octant 752 generalized cylinder 754 invariant, geometric 755 index function 757 homophone 757 phone (speech) 757 segmentation (of speech) 757 speech recognition 758 feature (speech) 758 frame (speech) 758 quantization factor 758 sampling rate 759 vector quantization 760 acoustic model 760 bigram model 760 language, model 761 trigram 762 coarticulation 762 hidden Markov model 762 Markov model 765 Viterbi algorithm 770 blackboard architecture 773 robot 773 robot, autonomous 775 mobot 777 actuator 777 degrees of freedom 777 effector 777 end effector 777 joint (of a robot) 777 link (of a robot) 777 locomotion 778 robot, holonomic 778 robot, nonholonomic 778 stability, dynamic 778 stability, static 780 manipulator 781 kinematics 781 prismatic motion 781 rotary motion 783 odometry 783 repeatability 784 compliant motion 784 sensor, force 784 sensor, tactile 785 domain constraint 785 laser range finder 785 sensor, cross-beam 785 sensor, parallel-beam 785 sensor, structured light 787 macro-operator 788 situated automaton 789 robotics, behavior-based 791 configuration space 792 configuration space, generalized 792 planning, assembly 793 foliation 793 transfer path 793 transit path 795 recognizable set 795 sensor, abstract 796 cell decomposition 798 skeleton 798 skeletonization 799 visibility graph 800 linking curve 800 roadmap 800 silhouette curve 800 silhouette method 800 Voronoi diagram 802 planning, fine-motion 805 landmark 806 online algorithm 808 competitive ratio 810 hand-eye machine 819 biological naturalism 819 functionalism 819 homunculus 819 infinite regress 819 physicalism 820 intentional stance 820 intentional state 821 brain, in a vat 821 correspondence theory 821 grounding 821 narrow content 821 qualia 821 semantics, causal 821 wide content 824 halting problem 828 phenomenology 833 emergent property 836 epiphenomenalism 840 materialism, eliminative 843 artificial intelligence, real-time 844 anytime algorithm 844 metareasoning, decision-theoretic 845 bounded optimality 845 rationality, calculative 845 rationality, perfect 846 bounded optimality, asymptotic (ABO) 847 game, theory 847 Prisoner's Dilemma 847 utilitarianism, act 847 utilitarianism, rule 851 analysis of algorithms 851 benchmarking 852 asymptotic analysis 852 complexity analysis 854 Backus-Naur form 854 start symbol 855 nondeterministic algorithm 856 oracle